土(tu)(tu)壤污染微(wei)(wei)(wei)生物(wu)(wu)技(ji)術是一種具有特定(ding)功能(neng)的(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生物(wu)(wu)，利用(yong)土(tu)(tu)壤微(wei)(wei)(wei)生物(wu)(wu)或(huo)人工馴化(hua)。在適宜的(de)環(huan)境條件下，采(cai)取措(cuo)施(shi)促進微(wei)(wei)(wei)生物(wu)(wu)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)壤污染中有毒有害(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)、轉化(hua)和去(qu)除(chu)。通過自身的(de)代謝作用(yong)，降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)土(tu)(tu)壤中有害(hai)(hai)污染物(wu)(wu)的(de)活性或(huo)降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)為無害(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)修復技(ji)術是指(zhi)采(cai)取措(cuo)施(shi)促進微(wei)(wei)(wei)生物(wu)(wu)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)壤污染中有毒有害(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)、轉化(hua)和去(qu)除(chu)。

　　土壤(rang)污(wu)染微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)主(zhu)要是指采取(qu)一定措施(shi)促進(jin)微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)土壤(rang)中(zhong)有毒有害物(wu)(wu)(wu)質的降解、轉化(hua)和去(qu)除，包括(kuo)兩(liang)種方法:強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)土壤(rang)中(zhong)的微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)降解(生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)刺(ci)激)和添(tian)加外源(yuan)高效(xiao)降解微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua))。現(xian)已(yi)衍生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)出一系列生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)技術，如現(xian)場處(chu)理(li)、現(xian)場處(chu)理(li)、堆肥、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)反應器等。這些修(xiu)復(fu)技術的主(zhu)體(ti)是微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，對(dui)有機污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染土壤(rang)的應用有著廣泛的研究。研究表明，微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)降解是去(qu)除有機污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)的主(zhu)要途徑之一，其他生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)修(xiu)復(fu)技術與微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)相比不(bu)同。